![](https://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/financing_retirement_6-scaled-640x427.jpg.webp)
401(k) Plans and Race
The brief’s key findings are:
- Blacks and Hispanics are less likely to participate in 401(k)s and, when they do, they contribute at lower rates.
- Even after controlling for age, job tenure, and earnings, these patterns persist.
- However, adding education, wealth, and plan characteristics makes the differences disappear.
- So the best way to boost saving among minorities is to ignore race and instead improve plan design for disadvantaged workers.