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This paper measures the prevalence, value, and distribution of certain fringe benefits that are currently excluded from Social Security’s Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) contribution base, including employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) and employer contributions to health savings accounts, medical savings accounts, and dependent care benefits…

Young doctor helping an older woman use a walker

Even the best-laid plans can go awry.  Individuals face many hurdles to adequate planning for retirement and, even when precautions are taken, they may be overwhelmed by a big enough shock.  In particular, large medical and long-term care spending shocks can devastate retirees’ hard-won finances…

Working Papers