Urban Institute

A research nonprofit focused on elevating the debate around social and economic policy.

401(k) Participant Behavior in a Volatile Economy

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Karen E. Smith

November 5, 2012

Adding Employer Contributions to Health Insurance to Social Security’s Earnings and Tax Base

Working Paper by Karen E. Smith and Eric Toder

April 23, 2014

Age Differences in Job Displacement, Job Search, and Reemployment

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson and Corina Mommaerts

January 6, 2011

Annuitized Wealth and Consumption at Older Ages

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Gordon Mermin

December 15, 2006

Automatic Enrollment, Employee Compensation, and Retirement Security

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Nadia S. Karamcheva

November 19, 2012

Deferring Income in Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plans: The Dynamics of Participant Contributions

Working Paper by Karen E. Smith, Richard W. Johnson, and Leslie A. Muller

August 1, 2004

Distributional Effects of Alternative Strategies for Financing Long-Term Services and Supports and Assisting Family Caregivers

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault and Richard W. Johnson

March 14, 2018

Do Health Problems Reduce Consumption at Older Ages?

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Richard W. Johnson, and Gordon Mermin

February 26, 2009

Do Low-Income Workers Benefit from 401(k) Plans?

Working Paper by Eric Toder and Karen E. Smith

September 3, 2011

Do Out-of-Pocket Health Care Costs Delay Retirement?

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson, Rudolph G. Penner, and Desmond Toohey

February 15, 2008

Do People Work Longer When They Live Longer?

Working Paper by Damir Cosic, Aaron R. Williams, and C. Eugene Steuerle

December 7, 2020

Does Household Debt Influence the Labor Supply and Benefit Claiming Decisions of Older Americans?

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Nadia S. Karamcheva

December 12, 2013

Does Work Pay at Older Ages?

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Richard W. Johnson, Karen E. Smith, and C. Eugene Steuerle

November 30, 2004

Employment, Social Security, and Future Retirement Outcomes for Single Mothers

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson, Melissa M. Favreault, and Joshua H. Goldwyn

July 1, 2003

Fees and Trading Costs of Equity Mutual Funds in 401(k) Plans and Potential Savings from ETFs and Commingled Trusts

Working Paper by Richard W. Kopcke, Francis M. Vitagliano, and Zhenya Karamcheva

November 19, 2009

Financial Hardship Before and After Social Security’s Early Eligibility Age

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson and Gordon Mermin

February 23, 2009

Forecasting Incidence of Work Limitations, Disability Insurance Receipt, and Mortality in Dynamic Simulation Models Using Social Security Administrative Records: A Research Note

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault

December 9, 2002

Health Care Costs, Taxes, and the Retirement Decision: Conceptual Issues and Illustrative Simulation

Working Paper by Rudolph G. Penner and Richard W. Johnson

November 8, 2006

Health, Disability, and the Evolving Nature of Work

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Stipica Mudrazija

December 14, 2022

Homeownership, Social Insurance, and Old-Age Security in the United States and Europe

Working Paper by Stipica Mudrazija and Barbara A. Butrica

October 5, 2017

How Can Changes to Social Security Improve Benefits for Black and Hispanic Beneficiaries?

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson and Karen E. Smith

December 8, 2023

How Does Debt Shape Health Outcomes for Older Americans?

Working Paper by Stipica Mudrazija and Barbara A. Butrica

November 8, 2021

How Economic Security Changes During Retirement

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica

February 26, 2007

How Many Struggle to Get By in Retirement?

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Dan Murphy, and Sheila R. Zedlewski

February 1, 2008

How Might Earnings Patterns and Interactions among Certain Provisions in OASDI Solvency Packages Affect Financing and Distributional Goals?

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault

March 15, 2018

How Seniors Change Their Asset Holdings During Retirement

Working Paper by Karen E. Smith, Mauricio Soto, and Rudolph G. Penner

December 9, 2009

How the Income Tax Treatment of Saving and Social Security Benefits May Affect Boomers’ Retirement Incomes

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Karen E. Smith, and Eric Toder

February 11, 2008

Immigrant Diversity and Social Security: Recent Patterns and Future Prospects

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault and Austin Nichols

May 10, 2011

Interactions Between Social Security Reform and the Supplemental Security Income Program for the Age

Working Paper by Paul S. Davies and Melissa M. Favreault

February 1, 2004

Is Demand for Older Workers Adjusting to an Aging Labor Force?

Working Paper by Damir Cosic and C. Eugene Steuerle

November 9, 2021

It’s All Relative: Understanding the Retirement Prospects of Baby-Boomers

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Howard M. Iams, and Karen E. Smith

November 1, 2003

Job Changes at Older Ages: Effects on Wages, Benefits, and Other Job Attributes

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson and Janette Kawachi

February 19, 2007

Lack of Broadband Impedes Native American Access to Aid

Squared Away Blog by Kimberly Blanton

April 18, 2024

Living Arrangements and Supplemental Security Income Receipt Among the Aged

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault and Douglas A. Wolf

February 1, 2004

Long-Term Immigration Projection Methods: Current Practice and How to Improve it

Working Paper by Neil Howe and Richard Jackson

February 5, 2006

Measuring Social Security Proposals by More than Solvency: Impacts on Poverty, Progressivity, Horizontal Equity, and Work Incentives

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault and C. Eugene Steuerle

May 11, 2012

Medicare, Retirement Costs, and Labor Supply at Older Ages

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson

December 1, 2002

Projecting Immigration A Survey of the Current State of Practice and Theory

Working Paper by Neil Howe and Richard Jackson

December 1, 2004

Projecting Poverty Rates in 2020 for the 62 and Older Population: What Changes Can We Expect and Why

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Karen E. Smith, and Eric Toder

September 1, 2002

Providing Guarantees in Social Security

Working Paper by Karen E. Smith, C. Eugene Steuerle, and Pablo Montagnes

August 29, 2004

Reform Model Two of the President’s Commission to Strengthen Social Security: Distributional Outcome

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault, Joshua H. Goldwyn, Karen E. Smith, Lawrence H. Thompson, Cori E. Uccello, and Sheila R. Zedlewski

August 1, 2004

Retirement Prospects for the Millennials: What is the Early Prognosis?

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson, Karen E. Smith, Damir Cosic, and Claire Xiaozhi Wang

November 27, 2017

Retirement Security and the Stock Market Crash: What Are the Possible Outcomes?

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Karen E. Smith, and Eric Toder

November 29, 2009

Retiring Together or Working Alone: The Impact of Spousal Employment and Disability on Retirement Decisions

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson and Melissa M. Favreault

March 1, 2001

Rising Tides and Retirement: The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Differential Wage Growth on Social Security

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault

February 20, 2009

Simulating the Distributional Consequences of Personal Accounts: Sensitivity to Annuitization Option

Working Paper by Cori E. Uccello, Melissa M. Favreault, Karen E. Smith, and Lawrence H. Thompson

October 1, 2003

Social Security Claiming: Trends and Business Cycle Effects

Working Paper by Owen Haaga and Richard W. Johnson

February 13, 2012

Social Security Spouse and Survivor Benefits for the Modern Family

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault and C. Eugene Steuerle

February 28, 2007

Technology and Disability: The Relationship Between Broadband Access and Disability Insurance Awards

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Jonathan Schwabish

October 24, 2022

The Changing Causes and Consequences of Not Working Before Age 62

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Nadia S. Karamcheva

February 1, 2012

The Disappearing Defined Benefit Pension and its Potential Impact on the Retirement Incomes of Boomers

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Karen E. Smith, Eric Toder, and Howard M. Iams

January 15, 2009

The Effect of Early Claiming Benefit Reduction on Retirement Rates

Working Paper by Damir Cosic and C. Eugene Steuerle

January 4, 2021

The Great Recession and the Retirement Decisions of Older Workers

Working Paper by Jan Ondrich and Alexander Falevich

December 29, 2013

The Impact of Changing Earnings Volatility on Retirement Wealth

Working Paper by Austin Nichols and Melissa M. Favreault

November 21, 2008

The Impact of High-Pressure Labor Markets on Retirement Security

Working Paper by Stipica Mudrazija and Barbara A. Butrica

December 1, 2023

The Impact of Late-Career Health and Employment Shocks on Social Security and Other Wealth

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson, Gordon Mermin, and Dan Murphy

December 30, 2007

The Impact of Temporary Assistance Programs on Disability Rolls and Re-Employment

Working Paper by Stephan Lindner and Austin Nichols

January 20, 2012

The Implications of Career Lengths for Social Security

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault and C. Eugene Steuerle

February 18, 2008

The Long-Term Impact of Disability, Employment, and Marital Status Shocks: Evidence from Matched Administrative Data

Working Paper by Owen Haaga and Richard W. Johnson

December 21, 2016

The Potential Impact of the Great Recession on Future Retirement Incomes

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Richard W. Johnson, and Karen E. Smith

May 11, 2011

The Relationship Between Automatic Enrollment and DC Plan Contributions: Evidence from a National Survey of Older Workers

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica and Nadia S. Karamcheva

July 2, 2015

The Relationship Between Disability Insurance Receipt and Food Insecurity

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Stipica Mudrazija, and Jonathan Schwabish

November 1, 2021

Understanding Expenditure Patterns in Retirement

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Richard W. Johnson, and Joshua H. Goldwyn

January 5, 2005

Understanding the Characteristics and Needs of Tribal Community Members for Social Security Delivery

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Stipica Mudrazija, and Jonathan Schwabish

December 20, 2023

Understanding the Local-Level Predictors of Disability Program Flows: New Adult Awards and Beneficiary Work Activity

Working Paper by Jody Schimmel Hyde, Jonathan Schwabish, Paul O’Leary, and Dara Lee Luca

December 7, 2021

Validating Longitudinal Earnings in Dynamic Microsimulation Models: The Role of Outliers

Working Paper by Melissa M. Favreault and Owen Haaga

September 3, 2013

When the Nest Egg Cracks: Financial Consequences of Health Problems, Marital Status Changes, and Job Layoffs at Older Ages

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson, Gordon Mermin, and Cori E. Uccello

December 28, 2005

Why Do Boomers Plan to Work So Long?

Working Paper by Gordon Mermin, Richard W. Johnson, and Dan Murphy

November 1, 2006

Will Automatic Enrollment Reduce Employer Contributions to 401(k) Plans?

Working Paper by Mauricio Soto and Barbara A. Butrica

December 25, 2009

Work Ability and the Social Insurance Safety Net in the Years Prior to Retirement

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson, Melissa M. Favreault, and Corina Mommaerts

November 22, 2009

Work and Retirement Patterns for the G.I. Generation, Silent Generation, and Early Boomers: Thirty Years of Change

Working Paper by Richard W. Johnson, Barbara A. Butrica, and Corina Mommaerts

July 2, 2010

Working for a Good Retirement

Working Paper by Barbara A. Butrica, Karen E. Smith, and C. Eugene Steuerle

March 1, 2006